Macrophage Polarization as a Facile Strategy to Enhance Efficacy of Macrophage Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles in Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder associated with pain and inflammation, the leading cause of disability worldwide. Owing to complexity OA inflammation driven by plethora inflammatory cytokines, current specific anti-cytokine therapies have not been successful. Among immune cells implicated in macrophages reportedly regulate via macrophage polarization. Given that pro-inflammatory M1 anti-inflammatory M2 opposing roles exploiting advanced polarization subsets (M0, M1, M2) enhance therapeutic efficacy membrane-coated gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) as broad-spectrum agent for treatment proposed. Herein, it shown among NPs generated from various subsets, (Au-M2 NPs) uniquely exhibit superior sponging cytokines alleviating matrix degradation over its counterparts derived same cell source, both inflammation-stimulated chondrocyte explant models. Collectively, herein described results validate facile strategy membrane NP-based immunotherapy potential treatment.