Mixed?Phase Clouds and Precipitation in Southern Ocean Cyclones and Cloud Systems Observed Poleward of 64°S by Ship?Based Cloud Radar and Lidar

Mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), composed of both liquid and ice, are prevalent in Southern Ocean cyclones. A characterization these on fine vertical scales is required order to understand the microphysical processes within clouds, for model satellite evaluations over this region. We investigated three examples cloud systems collected by ship-mounted remote-sensing instruments adjacent East Antarctica at latitudes between 64°S 69°S. These cases allow us examine properties midlevel MPCs, with tops 2 6 km. Midlevel MPCs contain multiple layers supercooled water (SLW) embedded ice during passage SLW capped strong temperature inversions observed temperatures as low ?31°C. Convective generating cells (GCs) present inside liquid-topped MPCs. The horizontal extent, maximum upward Doppler velocity GCs were 0.6–3.6 km, 0.7–1.0 0.5–1.0 m s?1, respectively, consistent observations from previous lower-latitude studies. Ice precipitation nearly ubiquitous, except thinnest trailing end systems. Seeding lower above leads periods either larger particles or greater rates. Periods drizzle lasting up h toward two cyclone This turns into predominantly result seeding located precipitating layer.