Moss cover and browsing scores as sustainability indicators of mountain ungulate populations in Mediterranean environments

Abstract Here, we aimed to define ecological indicators of environmental change for monitoring the effect a reintroduced species, Iberian ibex ( Capra pyrenaica ), over vegetation natural protected area with contrasting habitats. This species was 30 years ago in Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain, and its population has since grown exponentially, reaching high densities some areas. We tested suitability two complementary indicators: browsing damage on woody percentage moss cover loss rocky outcrops. For this purpose, used mathematical approach zone according historical presence established five different pressure classes (Classes I–V). Our results showed direct link between status. Model predictions suggested 10% areas low (Class I) but 64% III), mostly due ungulate trampling rocks. Similarly, increased increasing species. Low palatable plant such as Pinus spp. little whereas more plants (e.g., Erica arborea ) significantly greater variation across (i.e., sensitive herbivory pressure). Both, rocks widely distributed proved useful populations mountainous diverse array habitats vs. woody). methodology may help select most suitable each type ecosystem or dominant habitat ungulate-dominated ecosystems.