Numerical Simulation of Long-Term Deterioration of Rock Mass Supported by Shotcrete Lining

The deterioration of rock mass and shotcrete lining has major consequences on the long-term performance tunnels in weak mass. In this study, behavior was simulated by using three-dimensional finite difference method, considering nonlinear mechanism. degradation weakening mechanical parameters, while modeled decreasing thickness. support pressure, internal force, displacement secondary were monitored with gradual shotcrete. As a consequence, factor safety (FoS) evolution time discussed. results indicated that 1) both would significantly increase pressure lining, leading to an (0–14 mm). FoS reduced 85%. 2) influence shotcrete’s relatively less, increased from 0 kPa 13.8 kPa. tunnel is remarkably affected mass, depending characteristics Therefore, should be fully considered maintenance.