Optimal control of buoyancy-driven liquid steel stirring modeled with single-phase Navier–Stokes equations

Abstract Gas stirring is an important process used in secondary metallurgy. It allows to homogenize the temperature and chemical composition of liquid steel remove inclusions which can be detrimental for end-product quality. In this process, argon gas injected from two nozzles at bottom vessel rises by buoyancy through thereby causing stirring, i.e., a mixing bath. The flow rates positions are control parameters practice. A continuous optimization approach pursued find optimal values these variables. effect appears as volume force single-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Turbulence modeled with Smagorinsky Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model. An objective functional based on vorticity describe Optimized configurations compared default one whose design setup industrial