Optimal power flow in four-wire distribution networks: Formulation and benchmarking

In recent years, several applications have been proposed in the context of distribution networks. Many these can be formulated as an optimal power flow problem, a mathematical optimization program which includes model steady-state physics electricity network. If network loading is balanced and lines are transposed, simplified to single-phase equivalent model. However, assumptions do not apply low-voltage networks, so should effects phase unbalance correctly. many parts world, has four conductors, i.e. three phases neutral. This paper develops OPF formulations for such including transformers, shunts voltage-dependent loads, two variable spaces, current–voltage power–voltage, compares them robustness scalability. A case study across 128 networks also quantifies modelling error introduced by Kron reductions its impact on solve time. work highlights advantages variables over four-wire • We develop quadratic unbalanced grids. The formulation superior power–voltage formulation. Four-wire models require about 30% more time than three-wire ones. Numerical results support relaxation approximation hierarchies.