Optimization Study on Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Malaysian Macroalgae Chaetomorpha sp. for Phenolic-Rich Bio-Oil Production

There are several methods of biomass conversion, including hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The implementation microwave technology in the HTL process is still new, especially on conversion marine into bio-crude. In this work, macroalgae Chaetomorpha sp. was used as feedstock to produce phenolic-rich bio-oil through microwave-assisted HTL. abundantly found Malaysia, creating a green tides issue. By utilizing these algae, tide issue can be solved and value-added obtained. However, from has relatively low heating value, restricting its fuel application. Therefore, it suggested for bio-polymer synthesis, bio-based phenol formaldehyde. study, effect different parameters, such reaction temperature, preloaded pressure, water-to-algal ratio, holding time, both yield phenolic evaluated. Folin–Ciocalteu method introduced determination optimal conditions were located by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). As results, an biodiesel 21.47 wt% 19.22 Gallic Acid Equivalent obtained at temperature 226 °C, 42 bar pressure 30:1 ratio after 79 min. Sensitivity analysis also concluded that most influential factor, followed pressure. FTIR spectrum produced indicated presence functional group compounds. short, been successfully converted valuable