Pathogenic Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor during Dengue Virus Infection

Pathogenic Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor during Dengue Virus Infection

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most common cause of viral hemorrhagic fever, which can lead to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Hemorrhage and plasma leakage are two major hallmarks of DHF/DSS. Because the mechanisms causing these pathogenic changes are unclear, there is no effective therapy against DHF/DSS. In this review, we focus on the possibl...

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor

Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Induces Vascular Leakage through Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Autophagy

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common mosquito-borne flavivirus; it can either cause mild dengue fever or the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). One of the characteristic features of DHF/DSS is vascular leakage; although DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has been proved to induce vascular leakage after binding to Toll-like receptor 4, the down-stream m...

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, infection, the brain, and corticosteroids

Bacterial meningitis is a complex disorder in which injury is caused, in part, by the causative organism and, in part, by the host's own inflammatory response. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a neuro-endocrine mediator that might play a role in pneumococcal meningitis. Here, we discuss the role of MIF in infection, the brain, and corticosteroids a...

Expression pattern of macrophage migration inhibitory factor during embryogenesis

Although macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was originally identified as a lymphokine that inhibits the migration of macrophages, its ubiquitous expression suggests it may have a role beyond the immune system. Here we report a detailed characterization of MIF expression during mouse embryogenesis. The MIF expression pattern was found to parallel tissues specification and organogenesis.