Positioning in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

The positioning systems' high accuracy and reliability are crucial enablers for various future applications, including autonomous shipping worldwide. It is especially challenging the Arctic region due to lower number of visible satellites, severe ionospheric disturbances, scintillation effects, higher delays than in non-Arctic non-Antarctic regions. In regions up North, conventional satellite systems generally proposed be utilized, together with other situational awareness systems, achieve necessary level accuracy. This paper provides a detailed review current state-of-the-art, satellite-based availability performance reports high-level requirements oncoming applications. particular, comparative study between three Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations executed determine whether they suitable vessel navigation Arctics' complex environment as two most significant drivers reevaluation related constellations. work analyzes ongoing research different (inter-) national projects focused on Galileo, Positioning (GPS), GLObal NAvigation (GLONASS). Based literature simulation campaign, we conclude that all convectional an fewer meters analyzed scenarios. postulated complementary methods should utilized improve beyond this limit. Finally, emphasizes existing challenges regarding localization telecommunication capabilities directions.