Reallocation: How new forms arise from contact

How Gravitational Forces arise from Curvature

In the second set of supplementary notes — Gravity, Metrics and Coordinates — we introduced the idea that matter induces spacetime curvature, and we argued that this curvature is fully described by the metric. In the case of a static, spherically symmetric mass distribution, we presented the Einstein Field Equations whose solution gives the metric and therefore the geometry of spacetime. The cu...

How orientational order can arise from simple contact responses between interacting cells

We present results and analysis of models for contact-induced turning responses and alignment in populations of interacting individuals. Such models describe distributions of orientation, and how these evolve under different assumptions about the turning behaviour of individuals. One of these models was first used to describe interactions between mammalian cells called fibroblasts in Edelstein-...

How life can arise from chemistry

Visual System: How Does Blindsight Arise?

Some patients can discriminate unseen visual stimuli within a field defect caused by damage to the primary visual cortex. The pathways for this 'blindsight' have never been established, but recent studies implicate hitherto overlooked cells in the thalamic LGN.

How does Complexity Arise in Evolution

Information in biology has a quality that distinguishes it from information in chemistry and physics. It comes in encoded form and it is processed in a way that is closely related to information technology and computer science. Biological information is essentially stored in genotypes and transferred to future generation through inheritance, and less directly through epigenetic processes. Cellu...