Strong precious metal–metal oxide interaction for oxygen reduction reaction: A strategy for efficient catalyst design

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an electrochemical in which dissolved oxygen electrolyte reduced to OH?/H2O when receiving electrons. This plays a crucial role shaping the efficiency of both metal–air batteries and fuel cells, precious metals are dominant catalysts carrying out ORR their cathodes. However, how manipulate electronic structure as active sites further promote performance maximize utilization rate still under development. Metal oxide serves suitable promising support that can strongly interact with for activity durability enhancement. Herein, we present recent research updates on strong metal–metal interaction (SPMMOI) utilized ORR. We start by introducing background ORR, issues be solved, its practical applications followed thorough discussion mechanism comprehensive evaluation protocols performance. then provide complete understanding working principle SPMMOI highlight related advances. Finally, summarize merits system propose direction well some urgent problems addressed future.