The asymmetric effect of renewable and non-renewable energy on carbon emissions in OECD: new evidence from non-linear panel ARDL model

The level of economic income, population density and sources energy supply is critical in assessing environmental quality. Recent empirical studies paid limited attention to the role renewable (RE) fossil (NRE) carbon pollution regarding Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis (EKC). Therefore, this study investigates asymmetric relationships between emissions on one hand hypothesis other for OECD countries, comprising countries with significant supplies. includes annual data from 1990 2021 performs panel non-linear ARDL regression. results clearly show that RE NRE have effects long run but not short run. Both positive negative shocks reduce CO 2 economies, while substantially increase them. Increasing effective reducing emissions. However, unlike most previous studies, shows does significantly countries. error correction term (ect.) NARDL model significant. magnitude indicates system will return long-term equilibrium about 4.2 years after any shock. Furthermore, we EKC supported turning point at $4085.77 per capita . Besides, regression Driscoll-Kraay standard errors Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator approach were used robustness checks. findings check are consistent findings. Policies based promotion a low-carbon sustainable green environment should place greater emphasis resources even Moreover, many literature address as consumption or utilisation, novelty it approaches issue NRE.