The environment comes later: when and how environmental considerations are included in transboundary water agreements

Until recently, most transboundary water agreements largely focused on utilization, frequently leading to environmental impacts. We examine under which circumstances are considerations included in agreements, how they and whether address effects of previous agreements. analyse 75 treaties, many occur within (sub)basins with previously established Human stress, upstream large dams, OECD membership treaties (particularly those concerning utilization) the prevalent conditions where degradation is considered. Our results also suggest that aridity incentivizes negotiating relationships develop, thereby facilitating cooperation.