The Geography of Rural Educational Opportunity

We use nearly 430 million standardized test scores, including scores from more than 6,500 rural school districts, to describe educational opportunity in America. Although we find modest differences outcomes between and nonrural students overall, these disparities are larger for specific socioeconomic, racial-ethnic, geographic groups. also that the relationship socioeconomic status achievement is somewhat weaker areas compared areas. Variation third-grade learning rates considerable among indicating of early middle childhood not evenly distributed throughout