The origin of human pathogenicity and biological interactions in Chaetothyriales

Abstract Fungi in the order Chaetothyriales are renowned for their ability to cause human infections. Nevertheless, they not regarded as primary pathogens, but rather opportunists with a natural habitat environment. Extremotolerance is major trend order, quite different from black yeasts Capnodiales which focus on endurance, an important additional parameter advancing toxin management. In ancestral ecology of rock colonization, association metabolite-producing lichens significant. Ant-association, dealing pheromones and repellents, another mainstay order. The phylogenetically derived family, Herpotrichiellaceae , shows dual monoaromatic hydrocarbon assimilation disease humans cold-blooded vertebrates. this study, data ecology, phylogeny, genomics were collected analyzed support hypothesis evolutionary route species . Comparing ribosomal tree that enzymes involved toluene degradation, significant expansion cytochromes observed catabolism found be complete some Herpotrichiellaceae. This might enhance systemic infection. However, since most have traumatically inoculated disease, invasive potential categorized opportunism. Only chromoblastomycosis, true pathogenicity surmised. criterion would possible escape agents vertebrate host, enabling dispersal adapted genotypes subsequent generations.