“There is no intra-specific struggle in nature”

There is no lexicon!

0. Introduction Within generative linguistics, underlying representations have been a sine qua non. Such representations have been thought to encode what is unpredictable or not governed by rules. Within Optimality Theory (henceforth OT), even though the rules are virtually gone, this view continues. The function GEN and EVAL pair an underlying representation with an optimal output. I argue aga...

In Nature, There Is Only Diversity

Microbial ecology has been transformed by the advent of high-throughput marker gene and metagenomic sequencing methods. These tools provide expansive descriptions of microbial communities, but the descriptions are framed in terms of molecular objects, such as 97% ribosomal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), rather than biological objects, such as species. A recent study by A. B. Chase and coll...

There is no Parkinson disease.

The term Parkinson disease defines a specific clinical condition characterized by a typical history and characteristic signs. This review examines the historical evolution of the concept of Parkinson disease and how the misunderstanding of Parkinson disease may be hindering clinical research trials. It is proposed that this syndrome be called Parkinson diseases or parkinsonism type 1 through in...

There Is No Dividing Line

Where there is no overlap, there is a gap.