True Anomalous Osmosis in Multi-Solute Model Membrane Systems

True Anomalous Osmosis in Multi-Solute Model Membrane Systems

The transport of liquid across charged porous membranes separating two electrolytic solutions of different composition consists of both a normal and an anomalous osmotic component. Anomalous osmosis does not occur with electroneutral membranes. Thus, with membranes which can be charged and discharged reversibly, normal osmosis can be measured with the membrane in the electroneutral state, and n...

Assessment of household reverse-osmosis systems in heavy metal and solute ion removal in real and synthetic samples

In this study, the efficiency of household reverse-osmosis system (HROS) with and without neutralizer accessory was investigated in both real and synthetic samples. The real samples were collected from rural and urban public drinking-water systems with and without primary refinery treatment. The selected areas were situated in the Kurdistan province, Iran. The HROS model RO100GPD with and witho...

How solute size and charge influence osmosis

Osmosis is fundamental to many processes, such as in the function of biological cells and in industrial desalination to obtain clean drinking water. The choice of solute in industrial applications of osmosis is highly important in maximising efficiency and minimising costs. The macro-scale process of osmosis originates from the nano-scale properties of the solvent, and therefore an understandin...

New Experiments on Anomalous Osmosis

1. It is impossible to reproduce Loeb's observations on anomalous osmosis with membranes prepared from relatively pure brands of collodion, whereas positive effects can be obtained using collodion containing acidic impurities. 2. The inactive (purer) collodion membranes may be activated by oxidation with NaOBr solution. 3. Properly oxidized membranes give much greater anomalous osmotic effects ...

Membrane Adaptation and Solute Uptake Systems