Updated skeleton void ratio for gravelly sand mixtures considering effect of grain-size distribution

Recent research on the behavior of gravelly sands advocate for use skeleton void ratio to characterize their density state. The corresponds grains constituting stress-bearing skeleton. However, such a relies parameters difficult determine in practice, as fraction fine that take part actively load bearing Also, it fails consider effect grain-size distribution (GSD) gravel and sand grains. Therefore, index introduced by Chang et al. published 2015 is revisited account GSD both Two semi-empirical equations are developed this paper connect with parameters. validity proposed has been checked particular class materials. A series specially designed drained triaxial tests were then conducted. Test results show essential when using index. It also verifies effectiveness applicability updated ratio, which shows advantages characterizing critical state lines sands.