Wake expansion continuation: Multi‐modality reduction in the wind farm layout optimization problem

In this paper we present a continuation optimization method for reducing multi-modality in the wind farm layout problem that call wake expansion (WEC). We achieve reduction by starting with an increased diameter while maintaining normal velocity deficits at center of wakes, and then each series runs until accurate is used. applied demonstrated effectiveness WEC two different models. tested on four case studies compared results gradient-based gradient-free method. found significant improvement mean, standard deviation, minimum loss to without all test cases. algorithm resulted less optimal layouts average cases than WEC. also one study significantly improved results, but there was more when algorithm. enables algorithms search space globally provides consistently