Why Moments (and Generalized Moments) Are Used in Statistics and Why Expected Utility Is Used in Decision Making: A Possible Explanation

When and Why Are Visual Landmarks Used in Giving Directions?

Route directions describe the sequence of actions a moving person needs to take to reach a goal in an environment. When generating directions, speakers not only specify what to do. They also refer to landmarks located along the route. We report two studies intended to identify the cognitive functions of landmarks. In the first study, participants learned a route in an urban environment. They th...

How and why are non-prescription analgesics used in Scotland?

BACKGROUND UK Government policy increasingly encourages self-care of minor illnesses, including self-medication. Analgesics constitute a quarter of UK over-the-counter medicines sales, but concerns have been expressed about their potential for inappropriate use. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of recent use of non-prescription analgesics in Scotland, to describe by whom they are used, a...

Why Rectified Linear Neurons Are Efficient: A Possible Theoretical Explanation

Traditionally, neural networks used a sigmoid activation function. Recently, it turned out that piecewise linear activation functions are much more efficient – especially in deep learning applications. However, so far, there have been no convincing theoretical explanation for this empirical efficiency. In this paper, we provide such an explanation. 1 Rectified Linear Neurons: Formulation of the...

a study on rate making and required reserves determination in reinsurance market: a simulation

reinsurance is widely recognized as an important instrument in the capital management of an insurance company as well as its risk management tool. this thesis is intended to determine premium rates for different types of reinsurance policies. also, given the fact that the reinsurance coverage of every company depends upon its reserves, so different types of reserves and the method of their calc...

Phthalate ester plasticizers--why and how they are used.