Spatial-temporal Patterns of Snow Cover in Western Canada
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چکیده
Snow cover is often measured as snow water equivalent (SWE), which refers to the amount of water stored in a snow-pack that would be available upon melting. Snow cover and SWE represent the source of local snow melt release, and are sensitive to regional and global atmospheric circulation, and changes in climate. Monitoring SWE using satellite-based passive microwave radiometry has provided nearly three decades of continuous data for North America. The availability of spatially and temporally extensive SWE data enables a better understanding of the nature of space-time trends in snow cover, changes in these trends, and linking these trends to underlying landscape and terrain characteristics. To address these interests, we quantify the spatial pattern of SWE by applying a local measure of spatial autocorrelation to twenty five years of mean February SWE derived from passive microwave retrievals. Using a method for characterizing the temporal trends in the spatial pattern of SWE, temporal trends and variability in spatial autocorrelation are quantified. Results indicate that within the Canadian Prairies, extreme values of SWE are becoming more spatially coherent, with potential impacts on water availability, and hazards such as flooding. These results also highlight the need for Canadian ecological management units that consider winter conditions. Résumé Une couche de neige est fréquenment mesurée en équivalence d'eau de la neige (SWE) pour référer a la quantité d'eau provenant de la fonte d'un banc de neige empaquetée. SWE est important pour mesurer les conditions atmosphériques régionales et globals, le climate, et les cycles hydologiques. La surveillance du SWE en utilisant satellites a la base de micro-ondes rediométriques a forni des données continues au cours de deux décennies en Amérique du Nord. Le fait de posséder des données provenant de l'espace et celles du SWE nous fournit la possibilité d'une meilleure compréhension des tendances actuelles et futures de chutes de neige reliées aux caractéristiques de différents terrains. On quantifie les tendances du SWE avec statistiques de l'espace spatial en appliquant des mesures locales d'autocorrélation aux données recouvertes en Février au cours de 25 ans. Utilisant une méthode innovatrice pour caractériser les tendances temporel des modèles spatiales en SWE, on quantifie les tendances et variabilité dans l'autocorrélation du SWE. Toutes les données indiquent qu'à l'intérieur des Prairies Canadiennes, en cas de SWE excessifs, certaines régions a pu devenir plus susceptibles d'inondation. De plus, les résultats signalent le besoin qu'à la gérance Canadienne des unités écologiques de porter attention aux conditions hivernales. Introduction The spatial and temporal distributions of terrestrial snow cover impacts local snowmelt release (Luce et al. 1998), global and regional atmospheric circulation (Barnett et al. 1989; Derksen et al. 1998a), as well as global and local climate and hydrological cycles (Derksen and McKay 2006; Derksen et al. 2000; Wulder et al. 2007; Serreze et al. 2000). The sensitivity of terrestrial snow cover to atmospheric conditions and overlying air temperatures also makes it a useful indicator of climate change (Derksen et al. 2000; Goodison and Walker 1993). As such, examining the spatial distribution of terrestrial snow cover over time aids in understanding current and future trends in climate (Wulder et al. 2007). Snow cover is often measured as snow water equivalent (SWE), which refers to the amount of water (commonly expressed as a depth in millimetres) stored in a snow-pack that would be
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تاریخ انتشار 2011