The evolution of the galaxy B-band rest-frame morphology to z ∼ 2: new clues from the K20/GOODS sample

We present a detailed analysis of the evolution of the rest-frame B-band morphology of K-selected galaxies with 0 < z < 2.5. This work is based on the K20 spectroscopic sample (Ks < 20) located within the Chandra Deep Field South area, coupled with the public deep GOODS HST+ACS multi-band optical imaging available in that field. Thanks to the spectroscopic completeness of this catalog reaching 94%, we can compare the morphological and spectroscopic properties of galaxies with unprecedented detail. Our morphological analysis includes visual inspection and automatic procedures using both parametric (e.g. the Sérsic indices treated by the GALFIT and GASPHOT packages) and non-parametric (the Concentration, Asymmetry and clumpineSs, CAS) methods. By exploiting the 4-band deep ACS imaging we account in detail for the morphological K-correction as a function of the redshift and show that, while the parametric methods do not efficiently separate earlyand late-type galaxies, non-parametric ones prove more efficient and reliable. Our analysis classifies the K20 galaxies as: 60/300 (20%, class 1) normal ellipticals/S0; 14/300 (4%, class 2) perturbed or peculiar ellipticals; 80/300 (27%, class 3) normal spirals; 48/300 (16%, class 4) perturbed or actively star-forming spirals; 98/300 (33%, class 5) irregulars. The morphological and spectroscopic classifications are compatible with each other for more than 90% of the sample galaxies, while 7 class-1 E/S0’s show emission lines and 11 spirals and irregulars (class 3+4+5) have purely absorption-line spectra. The evolution of the merging fraction is constrained up to z ∼ 2, by carefully accounting effects of morphological k-correction: both asymmetry criterion and pair statistic show an increasing merging fraction as a function of the redshift. We finally analyse the redshift-dependence of the effective radii for earlyand late-type galaxies and find some mild evidence for a decrease with z of the early-type galaxy sizes, while disks and irregulars remain constant. Altogether, this analysis of the K20 sample indicates the large predominance of spirals and irregulars at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in K-band selected samples at even moderate depths.