Rapamycin attenuates aldosterone-induced tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis.

BACKGROUND/AIM Aldosterone (Aldo), a mediator of kidney fibrosis, is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulatory role of rapamycin (Rap) in Aldo-induced tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Uninephrectomized, Sprague-Dawley rats were given 1% NaCl (salt) to drink and were randomized to receive treatment for 28 days as follows: vehicle infusion (control), 0.75 μg/h Aldo subcutaneous infusion, or Aldo infusion plus 1 mg/kg/day of Rap by intraperitoneal injection. The effect of Rap on Aldo-induced fibrosis and renal inflammation was investigated using Masson's technique, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. The effects of Rap on the Aldo-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and on TNF-α mRNA expression and secretion in cultured HK-2 cells were investigated by immunofluorescent staining, western blot, qRT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS An in vivo study indicated that signaling by the mammalian target of Rap (mTOR) was activated in rats in the Aldo group compared to controls, as indicated by up-regulated expression of p-mTOR and p-S6K. In addition, the inflammatory response increased, as evidenced by increases in inflammatory markers (MCP-1, ICAM-1, F4/80), and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), as indicated by increased collagen I and fibronectin expression and pro-fibrogenic gene (PAI-1 and TGF-β1) expression. These changes were attenuated by Rap treatment. An in vitro study showed that Rap significantly suppressed the Aldo-induced EMT process and TNF-α mRNA expression and secretion in cultured HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Rap can ameliorate tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis by blocking mTOR signaling. Tubular cells may be a major cell type involved in this physiologic process.