When and why top-down regulation fails in arthropod predator-prey systems
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چکیده
The existence of top-down regulation in predator-prey models is a result of the functional and numerical responses included in the model. Examples are given of arthropod predator-prey systems where functional and numerical responses may be irrelevant for the system dynamics, or relevant for only a part of the population. It is argued that there are advantages in using a patch dynamics approach, when describing the feeding and oviposition behaviour of adult predators. This leads to predictions that in arthropod predator-prey systems, in which the predator has a long generation time relative to that of its prey, predator reproduction should be correlated with the age of a prey patch rather than the number of prey present, and top-down regulation does not occur. The predictions are tested against data for various species of aphids, coccids, mites, mosquitoes and their predators and the effectiveness of different species in biological control. In Räuber-Beute-Modellen ist das Vorhandensein einer „top-down“-Regulation das Ergebnis der funktionellen und numerischen Reaktionen, die in dem Modell enthalten sind. Es werden Beispiele von Räuber-Beute-Systemen angeführt, in denen die funktionellen und numerischen Antworten für die Dynamik der Systeme unbedeutend sein können, oder nur für einen Teil der Population von Bedeutung sind. Es wird erörtert, dass bei der Beschreibung des Fraßund Eiablageverhaltens adulter Prädatoren die Anwendung eines „patch“-Dynamik Ansatzes vorteilhaft ist. Dies führt zu den Vorhersagen, dass in Räuber-Beute-Systemen bei Arthropoden, in denen der Räuber im Verhältnis zur Beute eine lange Generationszeit aufweist, die Reproduktion des Räubers mit dem Alter des Beute-„patch“ und nicht mit der Anzahl der vorhandenen Beute korreliert und so „top-down“Regulation nicht stattfindet. Die Vorhersagen werden mit Daten von verschiedenen Arten von Blattläusen, Schildläusen, Milben, Mücken und ihren Feinden getestet, sowie die Effektivität der biologischen Kontrolle verschiedener Arten betrachtet.
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تاریخ انتشار 2001