How N People Can Simulate a Fair Coin Flip
نویسنده
چکیده
This paper provides an introduction and overview to mystery values, which are analogues to eigenvalues that arise in the [KWG10] model of secure multiparty computation. Essentially, most of the paper serves to answer, and elaborate on, the question “when can n people simulate a fair coin flip?”
منابع مشابه
Simulating a die roll by flipping two coins
We show how to simulate a roll of a fair n-sided die by one flip of a biased coin with probability 1/n of coming up heads, followed by 3⌊log 2 n⌋+ 1 flips of a fair coin. Let a p-coin be a biased coin with probability p of coming up heads. A fair coin is a (1/2)-coin. A fair n-sided die is a die with n sides, each of which comes up with probability 1/n when the die is rolled. Proposition 1. For...
متن کاملTossing a Biased Coin
When we talk about a coin toss, we think of it as unbiased: with probability one-half it comes up heads, and with probability one-half it comes up tails. An ideal unbiased coin might not correctly model a real coin, which could be biased slightly one way or another. After all, real life is rarely fair. This possibility leads us to an interesting mathematical and computational question. Is there...
متن کاملThe Values of Democratic Proceduralism
A standard justification of democratic voting is that it is a fair procedure, providing for the equal treatment of voters. Democratic theorist David Estlund challenges the adequacy of that justification: flipping a coin between alternatives is also a fair procedure, but no one would propose substituting random draw for voting. Estlund provides several arguments that fair proceduralism is an unt...
متن کاملUsing Biased Coins as Oracles
While it is well known that a Turing machine equipped with the ability to flip a fair coin cannot compute more than a standard Turing machine, we show that this is not true for a biased coin. Indeed, any oracle set X may be coded as a probability pX such that if a Turing machine is given a coin which lands heads with probability pX it can compute any function recursive in X with arbitrarily hig...
متن کاملChildren develop a veil of fairness.
Previous research suggests that children develop an increasing concern with fairness over the course of development. Research with adults suggests that the concern with fairness has at least 2 distinct components: a desire to be fair and a desire to signal to others that they are fair. We explore whether children's developing concern with behaving fairly toward others may in part reflect a deve...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
دوره شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2011