Effects of grazing on vegetation structure, prey availability, and reproductive success of Grasshopper Sparrows

نویسندگان

  • Benjamin Sutter
  • Gary Ritchison
چکیده

Populations of Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) have been declining, and agricultural practices, such as grazing by domestic cattle (Bos taurus), are likely contributing factors. Grazing can alter the composition and structure of vegetation and influence prey availability, and such changes can impact the nesting success of grassland birds. Our objective was to examine the nesting success of Grasshopper Sparrows in grazed and ungrazed habitats on the Blue Grass Army Depot in Madison County, Kentucky. Clutch sizes of female Grasshopper Sparrows nesting in grazed and ungrazed areas differed significantly, with mean clutch sizes of 4.48 in ungrazed areas and 3.91 in grazed areas. In addition, nest success was higher in ungrazed areas (70%) than grazed areas (25%). Insect sweeps revealed that invertebrate biomass in ungrazed areas was greater than in grazed areas, and analysis of vegetation indicated that grazed areas had less litter, more shrubs, and shorter, less dense vegetation than ungrazed areas. Most unsuccessful nests were depredated, and the higher predation rates on nests in grazed areas may have been due to differences in vegetation structure. Shorter, less dense vegetation in grazed areas may make it easer for predators to observe adults and locate nests, while taller, denser vegetation in ungrazed areas may provide greater concealment. While the results of previous studies suggest that light to moderate grazing can produce habitat suitable for Grasshopper Sparrows, more intense grazing, as on our study area (one animal unit/ha), creates habitat less suitable for these sparrows. SINOPSIS. Efecto del pastoreo en la estructura de la vegetación disponibilidad de presas y exito reproductivo de Ammodramus savannarum Las poblaciones del gorrión Ammodramus savannarum se han ido reduciendo, y practicas agrı́colas tales como el pastoreo por parte de ganado vacuno (Bos taurus) son factores que han contribuido al asunto. El pastoreo puede alterar la composición y la estructura de la vegetación e influir en la disponibilidad de presas. Estos cambios pueden afectar el éxito de anidamiento del ave. Nuestro objetivo fue examinar el éxito de anidamiento del gorrión en lugares en donde no habı́a pastoreo vs. lugares en donde lo hubo. El trabajo se hizo en el Blue Grass Army Depot en el condado de Madison, Kentucky. El tamaño de la camada resultó significativamente diferente en áreas en donde no lo hubo, comparado con las pastoreadas con una camada promedio de 4.48 y 3.91, respectivamente. Además el éxito de anidamiento en áreas no pastoreadas resultó mayor (70%) que en áreas en donde hubo pastoreo (25%). El barrido con redes para atrapar insectos, reveló que la biomasa de invertebrados resultó mayor en áreas no pastoreadas que en las que hubo ganado. Un análisis de la vegetación señalo que en las áreas en donde hubo pastoreo, tenı́an menos desperdicios, más arbustos y vegetación más corta y menos densa que en las áreas en donde no hubo pastoreo. La depredación fue la causa principal del fracaso de nidos. La tasa mayor de depredación en las áreas en donde hubo pastoreo puede haber sido el resultado de diferencias en la estructura de la vegetación. La vegetación más corta y menos densa en áreas que fueron pastoreadas puede facilitar el que los depredadores detecten a los adultos y a los nidos, mientras que la vegetación mas alta y densa, en lugares en donde no hubo pastoreo, puede tener el efecto de nidos más escondidos y que estos pasen inadvertidos. Aunque los resultados de estudios previos sugieren que el pastoreo de poco a moderado puede proveer hábitat para el gorrión, el pastoreo intensivo, como demuestra nuestro estudio, puede hacer el hábitat menos favorable y adecuado para el ave.

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تاریخ انتشار 2005