Appendix B from M . Wolf and J . M . McNamara , “ On the Evolution of Personalities via Frequency - Dependent

The model comprises three hierarchical levels: individual, population, and environment. Each individual is characterized by five state variables: (1) identity number; three heritable and evolving traits corresponding to (2) the probability h (0 ≤ ) to adopt the aggressive hawk behavior in the Hawk-Dove game; (3) in the scenario with binary physiological h ≤ 1 traits, the probability m ( ) to adopt the high metabolic rate, and in the scenario with continuous physiological 0 ≤ m ≤ 1 traits, the metabolic rate m ( ); (4) the probability b ( ) to adopt tactic 1 in the foraging context; and (5) 0 ≤ m ≤ 1 0 ≤ b ≤ 1 the fitness payoff that an individual accumulated in the games. The population is composed of all individuals and is characterized by its size. All simulations are based on populations with 5,000 individuals. The highest hierarchical level in the model corresponds to the environment individuals face in the hawk-dove game and the foraging context. The environment in the hawk-dove game is characterized by the fitness value of the contested resource V and the fitness cost of losing a hawk-hawk interaction D; the environment in the foraging context is characterized by w1 and w2, corresponding to the intrinsic fitness payoffs associated with tactics 1 and 2, respectively.