The principles of neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

circuit offer some hindrance to the movement of electrons. Some conductive materials allow electrons to move more freely than others and are said to have low resistance. The unit of measurement for resistance is the ohm (Ω). Resistance can cause a problem at the interface between the electrode and the skin as the skin has high resistance and is also well supplied with sensory nerve endings. This can make it difficult to input sufficient electrical energy into the tissues without the sensation becoming unbearable for the patient. A water-based lubricant can help to reduce the resistance between the skin and electrode.