La modélisation des réseaux écologiques par les graphes paysagers. Méthodes et outils

Issues related to landscape changes and loss of biodiversity have emphasized the concept of ecological network. In its spatial meaning, an ecological network is a set of habitat patches linked by ecological fluxes. Since landscape graphs have recently appeared as efficient methods to model the ecological networks, the aim of this paper is to make a review of these approaches. First, the context in which landscape graphs are used is presented, opposing the habitat approach vs the species approach. Then the steps required to build these graphs are described, from the identification of patches and links, to the computation of connectivity metrics. Finally the available software tools are listed. This paper ends with a discussion focused on the relevance of these methods in the aim of mapping the ecological networks. MOTS-CLÉS : théorie des graphes, connectivité fonctionnelle, écologie du paysage, gestion paysagère, aménagement du territoire.