Long-term dynamics of freshwater red tide in shallow lake in central Japan.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to clarify the long-term dynamics of the red tide occurring in Lake Kawaguchi. METHODS The measurement of environmental factors and water sampling were carried out monthly at a fixed station in Lake Kawaguchi's center basin from April 1993 to March 2004. On June 26, 1995, the horizontal distribution ofPeridinium bipes was investigated using a plastic pipe, obtaining 0∼1-m layers of water column samples at 68 locations across the entire lake. RESULTS P. bipes showed an explosive growth and formed a freshwater red tide in the early summer of 1995, when the nutrient level was higher than those in the other years, particularly the phosphate concentration in the surface layer. The dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) concentration was sufficient forP. bipes growth in that year. In the study of its horizontal distribution,P. bipes was found at all the locations. The numbers of cells per milliliter ranged from 67 to 5360, averaging 1094±987 cells/ml, with particularly high densities along the northern shore. Since then,P. bipes has annually averaged about 25 cells/ml in Lake Kawaguchi. CONCLUSION We observed that the red tide caused byP. bipes correlates with a high DTP concentration in Lake Kawaguchi.