A study of chain letters shows how to infer the family tree of anything that evolves over time , from biological genomes to languages to plagiarized schoolwork

over time , from biological genomes to languages to plagiarized schoolwork

Still the Great Debate – “Fair Balance” in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising; Comment on “Trouble Spots in Online Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Promotion: A Content Analysis of FDA Warning Letters”

The above titled paper examined the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) warning letters and notice of violations (NOV) over a 10-year period. Findings from this content analysis reinforced what has been the primary issue for prescription direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) since its beginning, the fair balance of risk and benefit information. As opposed to another analysis in 2026 about th...

Structuring Racist Ideologies in Stephen Crane’s “A Dark Brown Dog”: A Critical Discourse Analysis

This paper deals with the study of how racist ideologies are constructed in Crane’s “A Dark Brown Dog” using the CDA framework. Benefitting from the approaching between literature and linguistics, it focuses on the linguistic examination of the (re)construction of whiteness and blackness based on the assumption that racism is: a social, a discursive, and an ideological construct. This tri-dimen...

Multidimensional fuzzy finite tree automata

This paper introduces the notion of multidimensional fuzzy finite tree automata (MFFTA) and investigates its closure properties from the area of automata and language theory. MFFTA are a superclass of fuzzy tree automata whose behavior is generalized to adapt to multidimensional fuzzy sets. An MFFTA recognizes a multidimensional fuzzy tree language which is a regular tree language so that for e...

Determining Difference in Evolutionary Variation of Bacterial RecA proteins vs 16SrRNA Genes by using 16s_Toxonomy Tree

Background and Aims: The rate of variation in various genes of a bacterial species is different during evolution. Therefore, in systematic bacterial studies many researchers compare the phylogenetic tree of a particular gene to the standard tree of an rRNA gene. Regarding the importance of 16SrRNA gene and the evolutional process of RecA protein family, we investigated the changes in the select...