Interactions between cavity flow and main stream skimming flows: an experimental study

In the last two decades, research on the hydraulics of skimming flows down stepped chutes was driven by needs for better design guidelines. Skimming flows are characterized by significant momentum transfer from the main stream to the recirculation zones. Investigations are difficult because of the complex nature of the flow, the strong flow aeration, and the interactions between entrained air and turbulence. This study provides a comprehensive database on main stream and cavity flow interactions in skimming flows down a stepped chute. Measurements were conducted on a large facility (α = 15.9°, h = 0.05 and 0.1 m, W = 1 m) with precise instrumentation based upon a Froude similitude. Air–water velocity and turbulence measurements demonstrated a well-defined mixing layer developing downstream of each step edge in which the velocity profiles had the same shape as classical monophase flow results. A comparative analysis of air–water flow properties for Froude similar flow conditions showed a good agreement between the two step heights in terms of dimensionless distributions of air content, velocity, and turbulence intensity, but dimensionless bubble count rates, turbulence levels, and bubble chord sizes were improperly scaled.