Josephson Behavior in Small Normal One-dimensional Rings

where R is the reflection probability for a carrier entering the specimen, at the Fermi energy. Derivations of eq. (1) invoke the unperturbed wave functions of the specimen, illustrated in fig. 1 and consider the current flow and carrier density gradients associated with these. Wave functions representing carriers incident from the reservoir on the right are also taken into account, but not shown in fig. 1. The complex conjugates of these two wave functions are not invoked, because the con-