Laboratory and field assessment of an infrared turbidity probe and its response to particle size and variation in suspended sediment concentration

نویسنده

  • N. J. CLIFFORD
چکیده

Using a combination of laboratory and field experiments, the performance of a Partech Instruments Ltd IR40-C active head suspended solids sensor has been tested with respect to changing particle size distribution and rapid variation in suspended sediment transport rate. The sensor, which utilizes light attenuation in the infrared waveband, has several advantages both over visible light optical designs and over nuclear or optical back-scatter (OBS) devices. Three sets of laboratory tests are reported: calibration experiments using estuarine, pro-glacial and control media; flume simulations of pulsed sediment supply at a variety of frequencies, concentrations and ambient flow velocities; and simple tests for the effect of air bubbles within the sensor light path. The sensor was also deployed in the field, together with an electromagnetic current meter, to monitor flow and suspended sediment transport fluctuations in the turbulent frequency range. Although the sensor performed well with respect to drift, noise and stability of calibration, significant variation occurred with respect to suspensions of differing particle sizes. A simple correction procedure involving the weighting of sensor output by specific particle surface area may enable comparison of turbidity data from different locations and times, and with standard calibration solutions. At high frequencies, the sensor is capable of resolving fluctuations in the transport rate to c. 0.5 s, which appears to correspond well to field observations of significant velocity fluctuation and transport 'events' and is comparable with results obtained using OBS devices. However, the resolution of transport fluctuations is again dependent upon particle characteristics, and the presence of air bubbles in the flow whose size approximates the path width of the sensor may mimic a fluctuating transport process. Further interpretation of high frequency measurement awaits research into the fundamentals of rapidly varying flow and sediment transport characteristics. Evaluation sur le terrain et au laboratoire d 'une sonde de turbidité infrarouge et sa sensibilité à la taille des particules et aux variations de la concentration des matières en suspension Résumé L'effet de variations de la distribution des tailles de particules et du flux de matières en suspension sur le fonctionnement d'une sonde de matières en suspension a été évalué, les essais ayant été réalisés sur le Open for discussion until I June 1996 772 N. J. Clifford et al. terrain et au laboratoire. Il s'agit d'une sonde IR40-C à tête active, produite par Partech Instruments Ltd, qui mesure l'atténuation d'un rayonnement infrarouge. Cette sonde a de nombreux avantages sur les détecteurs utilisant le rayonnement visible et sur les appareils utilisant la rétrodiffusion optique (OBS) ou nucléaire. Trois séries de tests ont été réalisées au laboratoire: étalonnage avec des sédiments estuariens, glaciaires et contrôlés; simulation en canal d'apports sédimentaires puisés selon diverses fréquences, concentrations et vitesses de courant; évaluation de l'effet de la présence de bulles d'air le long du trajet du rayonnement. Sur le terrain, la sonde a été utilisée parallèlement à un courantomètre électromagnétique afin d'étudier les fluctuations du débit et du flux de matières en suspension dans la gamme des fréquences turbulentes. En dépit d'un bon comportement en ce qui concerne le bruit, la dérive et la stabilité de l'étalonnage, des variations significatives dues aux différences de taille des particules ont été observées. Une procédure de correction pondérant les données de la sonde par la surface spécifique des particules peut permettre de comparer l'information turbidimétrique recueillie en différents lieux et moments aux données obtenues avec les sédiments contrôlés. Aux hautes fréquences, la sonde a pu résoudre des fluctuations de flux à l'échelle de 0.5 s, ce qui est comparable aux résultats obtenus avec les appareils OBS et apparaît bien adapté à l'observation de terrain de fluctuations significatives de la vitesse et des 'événements' de transport. Cependant, la résolution des fluctuations du transport dépend aussi de la taille des particules, et la présence dans le courant de bulles d'air de taille comparable à la largeur de la tête du détecteur peut simuler un processus de transport fluctuant. Une interprétation plus poussée des mesures aux hautes fréquences devra s'appuyer sur les futurs résultats de recherches fondamentales concernant les écoulements transitoires et les caractéristiques du transport sédimentaire.

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تاریخ انتشار 2007