M3B: A Coarse Grain Force Field for Molecular Simulations of Malto-Oligosaccharides and Their Water Mixtures

We derive a chemically realistic coarse grain model and force field for the simulation of malto-oligosaccharides (R(1f4) D-glucans) and their aqueous mixtures. This coarse grain model for carbohydrates (denoted M3B) represents each glucose monomer by three beads while describing the water molecule as a single particle. M3B includes no charges or hydrogen-bonding terms, using only two-body Morse functions to describe longrange forces. The configurations obtained with the M3B model map uniquely and quickly back to a full atomistic description. M3B was parametrized to fit the results from atomistic simulations for the gas phase and amorphous bulk phase of sugars over a wide range of pressures. In particular, we required that the M3B force field provide an accurate representation of such quantities as excluded volume interactions and the distribution of torsional configurations about the intermonomer bonds. We find that M3B leads to a helical structure for polysaccharide chains and predicts left-handed helices to be more stable than right-handed ones, in agreement with the experiments. We find that parallel and antiparallel double-helical bulk structures of malto-oligosaccharides are feasible and of similar energy. The M3B model leads to a glass transition temperature (Tg) for glucose of 296 K in good agreement with experiment (304 K) and a Tg for 12 wt % water-glucose mixtures of 239 K in good agreement with experiment (240 K). These results suggest that these characteristic physical properties of carbohydrates can be described well without the use of explicit hydrogen bonds or electrostatics and also without introducing explicit directional forces in the nonbonded interactions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with M3B are ∼7000 times faster than fully flexible atomistic simulations, making it practical to study large systems for long times. We expect that M3B will be of use for the study of the structure and dynamics of complex syrups and supercooled carbohydrates solutions.