Thermodynamics of natural selection II: Chemical Carnot cycles.

Thermodynamics of natural selection III: Landauer's principle in computation and chemistry.

This is the third in a series of three papers devoted to energy flow and entropy changes in chemical and biological processes, and their relations to the thermodynamics of computation. The previous two papers have developed reversible chemical transformations as idealizations for studying physiology and natural selection, and derived bounds from the second law of thermodynamics, between informa...

Molecular Carnot Cycles

We present an explicit molecular-level model of Carnot cycle based on the recently developed framework of energetics of Langevin dynamics. In the quasi-static limit, the average efficiency of energy conversion over the cycles can attain arbitrarily close value to the one predicted by thermodynamics. Account is taken for the work for connecting and disconnecting the working material to the heat ...

Quantum thermodynamic Carnot and Otto-like cycles for a two-level system

From the thermodynamic equilibrium properties of a two-level system with variable energy-level gap ∆, and a careful distinction between the Gibbs relation dE = T dS + (E/∆) d∆ and the energy balance equation dE = δQ← − δW→, we infer some important aspects of the second law of thermodynamics and, contrary to a recent suggestion based on the analysis of an Otto-like thermodynamic cycle between tw...

Ju l 2 00 3 Comment on : “ Sadi Carnot on Carnot ’ s theorem ”

Carnot established in 1824 that the efficiency ηC of reversible engines operating between a hot bath at absolute temperature Thot and a cold bath at temperature Tcold is equal to 1−Tcold/Thot. Carnot particularly considered air as a working fluid and small bath-temperature differences. Plugging into Carnot’s expression modern experimental values, exact agreement with modern Thermodynamics is fo...

Biosorption of cobalt (II) by Inta ct and Chemically Modified Brown Algae: Optimization Using Resp onse Surface Methodology and Equilibrium, Dynamics and Thermodynamics Studies