MyD88 drives the IFN-β response to Lactobacillus acidophilus in dendritic cells through a mechanism involving IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7.

MyD88 Drives the IFN-b Response to Lactobacillus acidophilus in Dendritic Cells through a Mechanism Involving IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7

Absence of MyD88 results in enhanced TLR3-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3 and increased IFN-β and RANTES production.

Toll-like receptors are a group of pattern-recognition receptors that play a crucial role in "danger" recognition and induction of the innate immune response against bacterial and viral infections. TLR3 has emerged as a key sensor of viral dsRNA, resulting in the induction of the anti-viral molecule, IFN-β. Thus, a clearer understanding of the biological processes that modulate TLR3 signaling i...

HSV-2 Increases TLR4-Dependent Phosphorylated IRFs and IFN-β Induction in Cervical Epithelial Cells

Our previous studies demonstrated that HSV-2 infection up-regulates TLR4 expression and induces NF-kB activity, thereby facilitating innate immune response in human cervical epithelial cells. This process requires involvement of TLR4 adaptors, Mal and MyD88. In the current study, we found that HSV-2 infection increases levels of phosphoryalted IRF3 and IRF7, then regulating expression of type I...

Astragalus Root and Elderberry Fruit Extracts Enhance the IFN-β Stimulatory Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Murine-Derived Dendritic Cells

Many foods and food components boost the immune system, but little data are available regarding the mechanisms by which they do. Bacterial strains have disparate effects in stimulating the immune system. In dendritic cells, the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli upregulates proinflammatory cytokines, whereas gram-positive Lactobacillus acidophilus induces a robust interferon (IFN)-β respon...

Fish MITA serves as a mediator for distinct fish IFN gene activation dependent on IRF3 or IRF7.

In mammals, cytosolic sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) activate multiple signaling cascades initiating IFN-α/β expression. IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is required for the activation of IFN-β, which, in turn, primes the expression of most IFN-α genes by IFN-induced IRF7 through the STAT1 pathway. In fish, RIG-I overexpression inhibits virus infection by ind...