Primaquine (PQ), a racemic drug, is the only treatment available for radical cure of relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria and blocking transmission of P. falciparum malaria. Recent studies have shown differential pharmacologic and toxicologic profiles of individual PQ enantiomers in rodent, dog, and primate animal models. This study was conducted in six healthy adult human volunteers to determine...

BACKGROUND Because corneal infiltrative events (CIEs) may result from bacterial components on contact lenses, which can come from contaminated lens cases, we evaluated the biocidal efficacy of five multipurpose solutions against Gram-negative commonly isolated and CIE-associated organisms. METHODS Of the multipurpose solutions tested, one contained polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)/polyquate...

The herbicide paraquat (PQ) has increasingly been reported in epidemiological studies to enhance the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, case-control studies report that individuals with genetic variants in the dopamine transporter (DAT, SLC6A) have a higher PD risk when exposed to PQ. However, it remains a topic of debate whether PQ can enter dopamine (DA) neurons through...

Paraquat dichloride (N,N-dimethyl-4-4'-bipiridinium, PQ) is an extremely toxic chemical that is widely used in herbicides. PQ generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes multiple organ failure. In particular, PQ has been reported to be an immunotoxic agrochemical compound. PQ was shown to decrease the number of macrophages in rats and suppress monocyte phagocytic activity in mice. Howeve...

Erratum After publication of the original article [1], it came to the authors’ attention that there was an error in the PQ pharmacokinetics sub-section of the Background section. The following sentence is affected: “There is no PK interaction between PQ and either artesunate-pyronaridine [76] or mefloquine [69, 77]; no PK interaction data exist for PQ and artemetherlumefantrine (AL).” This sent...

Reactions of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) in toluene with [M(II)(PPh3)3X2] at 298 K afford green complexes, trans-[M(PQ)(PPh3)2X2] (M = Ru, X = Cl, 1; M = Os, X = Br, 2) in moderate yields. Reaction of anhydrous RhCl3 with PQ and PPh3 in boiling ethanol affords the dark brown paramagnetic complex, cis-[Rh(PQ)(PPh3)2Cl2] (3) in good yields. Diffusion of iodine solution in n-hexane to the trans-...

I. The function of plastoquinone PQ in photosynthesis has been measured by absorption changes in the UV at 265 nm. These measurements have been refined by the application of the very sensi­ tive repetitive pulse technique. The reduction and oxidation of plastoquinone in chloroplasts have been measured 1. in short flashes, 2. in long flashes and 3. in double flashes. The results can be described...

BACKGROUND The present study was designed to analyze the dynamic changes in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin (IL)-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in paraquat (PQ)-intoxicated rats and to evaluate the effects of artesunate on PQ-induced lung injury. METHODS Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to the control (n = 10), PQ (n = 25)...