Vesicular release of neurotransmitter is the universal output signal of neurons in the brain. It is generally believed that fast transmitter release is restricted to nerve terminals that contact postsynaptic cells in the gray matter. Here we show in the rat brain that the neurotransmitter glutamate is also released at discrete sites along axons in white matter in the absence of neurons and nerv...

The expansion and transformation of shrimp aquaculture in Southeast Asia has occurred in the context of rapid industrialization. Between 1970 and 1993 the contribution by industry to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased from 25% to 40%, and industrial output increased 25 times during the same period. Energy and pollution intensities ...

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying adverse birth outcomes following prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke remain unknown due, in part, to the absence or unreliability of information regarding maternal cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy. Our goal was to determine if placental...

The aim of this work is to convince practitioners of (31)P NMR methods to regard simple GIAO quantum chemical calculations as a safe tool in structural analysis of organophosphorus compounds. A comparative analysis of calculated GIAO versus experimental (31)P NMR chemical shifts (CSs) for a wide range of phosphorus containing model compounds was carried out. A variety of combinations (at the HF...

The relative stability of the different tautomers of hydantoin has been studied through the use of DFT method. The structures and the vibrational frequencies of all stable tautomers and all the transitions states connecting between them have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory in the gas phase and selected solvents using IE-PCM model. Final energies have been obtained in s...

Isomerization reaction of fluoranthene forming aceanthrylene was investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Geometrical structures and scaled vibrational frequencies all species thermodynamic properties including standard enthalpies ΔrH°(T) Gibbs free energies ΔrG°(T) were calculated at a wide range temperature from 298 to 2500 K the B97D3/6-311++G(3df,2p)//B97D3/6-311++G(d,p) level th...