International trade of the goods and services has implications to environment via their effects on environment on production and consumption. Agriculture being closely linked with the natural environment the trade of agricultural products and the inputs required for agriculture affects the environment. This paper attempts to identify and analyze trade issues of environmental protection that mai...

For millennia, seeds have been freely available to use for farming and plant breeding without restriction. Within the past century, however, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have threatened this tradition. In response, a movement has emerged to counter the trend toward increasing consolidation of control and ownership of plant germplasm. One effort, the Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI, www...

This article assesses the impact of economic structural programs on the agricultural activities of women's groups in Cameroon, and explores women's ways of coping with the reduction in individual and family income and the loss of public services. It examines the role of 25 women's groups in both rural and urban areas of Cameroon's northwest and southwest provinces in a study conducted from Apr...

Beginnings Bachelier (1900) was the earliest to correctly model Brownian motion mathematically. In 1900, he defended his thesis Théorie de la Spéculation about the use of Brownian motion in pricing stock options. He was truly before his time. In particular, he made the connection between random walk and Brownian motion in continuous time. The random walk has of course been a topic of intense in...

BACKGROUND Deforestation due to tobacco farming began to raise concerns in the mid 1970s. Over the next 40 years, tobacco growing increased significantly and shifted markedly to low- and middle-income countries. The percentage of deforestation caused by tobacco farming reached 4 % globally by the early 2000s, although substantially higher in countries such as China (18 %), Zimbabwe (20 %), Mala...

Although worldwide organic agriculture is constantly gaining ground compared to traditional agriculture, still a number of countries encounter problems mostly related to lack of validated information and knowledge, technical support by specialized agronomists, coordination and organization of the trading network and promoting mechanisms. The appropriate use of Web technologies and mobile comput...

Full enumeration agriculture censuses have become less feasible financially and operationally in many developing countries. They had not always lived up to their promise to serve as frame for the intercensal surveys and to provide reasonably accurate benchmark data for small areas. Observed large deviations between the survey and census results point to serious non-sampling errors especially in...

Agriculture remains a sensitive issue during multilateral trade negotiations within the World Trade Organization (WTO). Similar problems arise at the bilateral level, as in the case of trade talks between the United States and the Dominican Republic. The study explores the determinant of agricultural industry competitiveness in the 21st century, particularly in the case of U.S. and Dominican ag...