In this study, we show that beam model differences play an important role in the comparison of does calculated with various algorithms for lung cancer treatment planning. These differences may impact the accurate correlation of dose with clinical outcome. To accomplish this, we modified the beam model penumbral parameters in an equivalent path length (EPL) algorithm and subsequently compared th...

The manuscript reports the simulation of an electron gun with a view to optimizing the design of radio-frequency sources. The effects of eight parameters on the beam quality were studied and optimal choices were identified. It gives numerical beam qualities in common electrostatic triode gun, and the dependences on design parameters such as electrode geometries and bias voltages to these electr...

In storage rings with very low frequency of synchrotron oscillations coherent beam-beam instabilities can be suppressed due to the “phase averaging” effect, which recently was described by S. Krishnagopal and R. Siemann for the incoherent beam-beam instability. In this paper using the Vlasov’s equation we calculate the form factors, which renormalize beam-beam parameters of coherent beam-beam o...

We show how to decouple a coherent Gaussian beam having general astigmatism (to transform it into a beam having only simple astigmatism, or orthogonal symmetry) by using a single rotated thin cylindrical lens. The resulting coherent orthogonal Gaussian beam may be further transformed into a stigmatic (rotationally symmetric) Gaussian beam by an orthogonal telescopic magnifier. The initial beam ...