E-democracy is a necessity in this era of computers and electonic equipments where people understood that democracy is necessary for human being. In the way of e-democracy we can talk about e-notary, epetition, e-advise, e-referendum, e-election, e-voting, e-ballotbox ...etc. However, e-election is one of the most important part of e-democracy, because of the importance of the voters’ privacy, ...

from www.spelling-words-well.com abandon abbreviation absence absolutely absorb abundant accessible accompanied accomplishment accurate achievement acres adequate adjustable admit admittance advice advise afghan alternate alternative amusement analysis analyze ancestor anniversary appreciate artificial assistance association athlete atmosphere attendance authority bacteria bagel baggage benefit...

Classical debates, recently rejoined, rage over the question of whether we want our political outcomes to be right or whether we want them to be fair. Democracy can be (and has been) justified in either way, or both at once. For epistemic democrats, the aim of democracy is to "track the truth." 1 For them, democracy is more desirable than alternative forms of decision-making because, and insofa...

Governance networks play an increasingly important role in ecosystem management. The collaboration within these governance networks can be formalized or informal, top-down or bottom-up, and designed or self-organized. Informal self-organized governance networks may increase legitimacy if a variety of stakeholders are involved, but at the same time, accountability becomes blurred when decisions ...

This essay describes how a " democratic " voting can give a dictatorial outcome. In essence, choosing representatives in political systems could be understand as a coarse-graining process or decimation of opinions. Therefore, ideas and techniques from real-space renormalisation group can be used. This is a good example of the application of statistical physics to politics.

U.S. state governments are often referred to as laboratories of democracy. Within the federal framework, states have a great degree of flexibility in adopting different policy and management initiatives, which creates space for experimentation and innovation; however, the overall picture suggests more uniformity than innovation. Within a short period of time, states adopted very similar models ...

Once created, institutions often change in subtle and gradual ways over time. Although less dramatic than abrupt and wholesale transformations, these slow and piecemeal changes can be equally consequential for patterning human behavior and for shaping substantive political outcomes. Consider, for example, the British House of Lords. This is an institution that began to take shape in the thirtee...

The relationship between democracy and environment has always been controversial. Some scientists found that democracy had a positive impact on reducing environmental disruption. Other scholars claimed that democracy tends to accelerate environmental degradation. Ther are many studies focusing on main determinants of environmental degradation. More recently, democracy is considered to be one of...

This paper describes the key role that city authorities and their civil societies should play in mediating the relationship between economic globalization and human development so that cities act not only as engines of growth but also as agents for greater social justice and environmental sustainability. In a globalizing and urbanizing world, urban governments have a much more important role in...