Cardiac arrhythmias are among the leading causes of mortality. They often arise from alterations in electrophysiological properties cardiac cells and their underlying ionic mechanisms. It is therefore critical to further unravel pathophysiology basis human electrophysiology health disease. In first part this review, current knowledge on differences ion channel expression processes that determin...

during the recent decades, substantial changes are made in the borders and contents of physiology as a basic course for the students in medicine. here some strategies are presented to preserve the classical and integrative approaches in teaching physiology, while these approaches extent our knowledge to molecular, sub-cellular and cellular levels.

The role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in generating circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior is well established. Recent evidence based on clock gene expression indicates that the rodent SCN are composed of at least two functional subdivisions. In Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), cells in a subregion of the caudal SCN marked by calbindin-D(28K) (CalB) express light-induced, bu...