one of the fundamental issues in the ethics of medical researches is cost-benefit assessment which consists a main part of related codes. this article is aimed to propose a model for ethical assessment of researches with judgment about their costs and benefits. after reviewing related materials and our experiences and discussions with experts, we proposed a model for ethical assessment of costs...

in the present health care environment, cost-benefit analysis is extremely important. in this screening program, the minimal cost of screening dipstick urinalysis in 1601 asymptomatic school children was determined. the process of screening was similar to all the studies. the minimal cost utilizing 3 general physicians was calculated. costs were determined by using current charge for supplies o...

The sustainable development of cooperatives is essential to agricultural sustainability and determined mainly by cooperation longevity. risk sharing benefit distribution mechanisms are important governance arrangements that affect longevity in member-heterogeneous cooperatives. However, the relationship between cooperatives’ not well understood. To address this research gap, we provide a concep...

The use of automated dispensing systems (ADS), also known as automated dispensing cabinets (ADC), unit-based cabinets (UBC), automated dispensing devices (ADD), automated distribution cabinets and automated dispensing machines (ADM), in hospitals is increasing. In 2011, 40% of US hospital pharmacies had a decentralised inpatient medication distribution system and 89% of those used ADS 1. There ...