introductiongeopolitics is a word that conjures up images. in one sense, the word provokes ideas of war, empire, and diplomacy: geopolitics is the practice of states controlling and competing for territory. geopolitics had a history before the term itself came in to use in 1899 by swede rudolf kjellen. it is apparent that many of great figures in the history of political thought, from the ancie...

The interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy set (IVIFS) which is an extension of the Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy set is a powerful tool for modeling real life decision making problems. In this paper, we propose the emph{generalized interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Hamacher generalized Shapley Choquet integral} (GIVIFHGSCI) and the emph{interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Hamacher general...

the arguments for the immobility and centricity of the earth in the islamic astronomical literature are mostly found in the hayʾa books. the reason is that these books treat of mathematical cosmology on the basis of solid spheres and the earth's position with respect to them. these arguments, which are rooted in ptolemy's almagest, are based on observation and some pre-suppositions. i...