Over the past five years, there have been over 140 reported incidents of counterfeit and mislabeled drugs being sold by legitimate pharmacies in the United States. Thousands of patients have consumed these medications, sometimes with dire consequences. The extent of counterfeits in the legitimate market, however, is unknown. It is certain that the detected incidents of fakes are a fraction of t...

Abstract We conducted an audit experiment to examine whether street vendors in Bogotá (Colombia) exert price discrimination based on buyers’ attributes, such as gender and nationality, product characteristics, the increasing marginal valuation of items needed complete a collection. exploited seasonal demand for album stickers related FIFA World Cup Russia 2018. In our within-subjects design, ex...

In the era of emergent technology, security is that the foremost anxiety to avoid replicas and counterfeits. There are diverse Biometric systems that enable in personal identification, amongst those verification systems, one system is Signature Verification System. Signatures are substantiated discrimination on-line and offline systems. Every human being has their own writing style and hence th...

The counterfeiting of electronic components has become a major challenge in the 21st century. The electronic component supply chain has been greatly affected by widespread counterfeit incidents. A specialized service of testing, detection, and avoidance must be created to tackle the worldwide outbreak of counterfeit integrated circuits (ICs). So far, there are standards and programs in place fo...

It is no longer possible to identify counterfeit medical products, including medications and devices, by simply checking packaging and labeling. Improvements in technology have made it cheaper and easier to produce fake packaging and labels, making it nearly impossible for consumers and authorities to detect counterfeits without conducting tests on the products themselves, as illustrated by the...

Complete with kitchen and dining room and backed by a government laboratory, the project was the brainchild of scientists from the Bureau of Chemistry (now the Food and Drug Administration). Chief chemist Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., considered by many to be the founding father of the FDA, spearheaded the effort to separate scientific facts on food safety from the recurrent food safety scares that ha...

This paper discusses the use of web sites as individual IDs for things and processes of the real world. We regard a web site as an information entity that perfectly fits the purpose of identifying a real-life object or process. We examine a scenario of tagging manufactured products with information tags called WebIDs and describe their possible information makeup. Individual WebIDs that are aut...