The access of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) will increase the network loss medium voltage distribution network, which can be alleviated by adjusting structure and orderly charging for EVs. However, it is difficult to accurately evaluate efficiency in vehicle (EV), cause scheduling model insufficiently accurate. Therefore, this paper proposes an EV double-layer based on isolated bidirectio...

Due to the Deregulation of electricity industry, the competition is growing day by day between the Generators as well as in Distributors. But due to the competition in electricity market, it may cause congestion in the transmission lines and can cause black out in any area. This will affect not only the generation of electricity but also the consumers. To avoid this problem, in competitive elec...

We investigate the consequence of failures, occurring on the electrical grid, on a telecommunication network. We have focused on the Italian electrical transmission network and the backbone of the internet network for research (GARR). Electrical network has been simulated using the DC power flow method; data traffic on GARR by a model of the TCP/IP basic features. The status of GARR nodes has b...

Soft switching of DC-DC converter is done here. This is obtain good efficiency and to reduce the switching losses. Zero voltage switching reduces the switching losses in the circuit. This is done by using boost converter. Soft-switching characteristic of the proposed converter reduces switching loss of active power switches and raises the conversion efficiency. A voltage step-up function and a ...

The development of renewable energy power systems which are primarily based on solar is accelerating as a consequence the global diminution fossil fuels. vast, clean and an inexhaustible resource can be harnessed by using photovoltaic (PV) technology. In order to obtain greater voltages from PV system for grid-connected inverters, DC-DC boost converter might employed. However, due various limit...

Today, the electricity power system is the most complicated engineering system has ever been made. The integrated power generating stations with power transmission lines has created a network, called complex power network. The reliability estimation of such complex power networks is a very challenging problem, as one cannot find any immediate solution methods in current literature. In this pape...

Voltage Source Converters (VSC) have for the first time been used for HVDC transmission in a real network. Experience from the design and commissioning of the transmission shows that the technology has now reached the stage where it is possible to build high voltage converters utilising Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). Operation and system tests have proved that the properties that h...

HIV-1 Nef enhances dendritic cell (DC)-mediated viral transmission to CD4(+) T cells, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. It is also unknown whether HIV-1 infected DCs play a role in activating CD4(+) T cells and enhancing DC-mediated viral transmission. Here we investigated the role of HIV-1 Nef in DC-mediated viral transmission and HIV-1 infection of primary CD4(+) T cells u...