Although plant–insect interactions can be traced back to the Silurian, little is known from Upper Jurassic mid-Cretaceous ecosystems. In Morrison Formation, evidence limited insect body fossils and trace in mostly wood. However, until now, multitrophic have not been reported Formation. Here we describe a complex web of interrelationships between an ancient tree, fungi, wood-boring Formation wit...

Abstract Antrodiella species ( Agaricomycotina , Polyporales ) are often growing on or near to the living, dead, dying fruitbodies of pioneer wood-inhabiting fungi. citrinella always occurs wood that previously has been decayed by polypore Fomitopsis pinicola . However, underlying mechanism remained unclear. Based field observations, it assumed succeeding is not only a highly competitive decomp...

The effects of sudden cooling of the spinal cord were studied in three species of amphibians--a cold-sensitive tropical toad (Bufo marinus), a cold-resistant, aquatic, hibernating frog (Rana pipiens, northern leopard frog) and a freeze-tolerant frog (Rana sylvatica, wood frog). Ventral root (motoneuron) potentials were recorded from isolated, hemisected spinal cords of each species mounted in a...

There is a trade-off between leaving coarse woody debris (CWD) in the stand, providing desirable ecosystem services, and harvesting it. To consider this trade-off, forest management needs to model describing decomposition of CWD. When trunk lying on ground, it can be attacked by microorganisms faster than when still standing. Current models fail account for these local differences processes, wh...

Abstract To investigate the decay extent of wooden components in ancient buildings Danxia Temple, absorption peak intensities, changes chemical components, and cellulose crystallinity red oak (Quercus sp.), birch (Betula maple (Pterocarya sp.) were determined analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results are as follows: (1) intensities representing hemicellulose decreased ...