The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) is a seminal law that imposes screening, stabilization, and transfer duties on all Medicare-participating hospitals that have emergency departments. More than twenty-five years after its enactment, EMTALA continues to generate controversy over the scope and depth of its obligations on issues ranging from the nature of the screening o...

Introduction Nearly one in five children in the United States has special health-care needs, including chronic medical conditions and developmental disabilities that require care well beyond the needs of children who are developing typically and are in good health. For a minority of such children, these needs are multiple and complex, requiring significant help from health professionals and the...

In this paper we analyze the driving factors of CO2 emissions in the context of environmental regulations using a dynamic panel data model for the period 1960 to 2009. Given the current policy debate and the importance of evaluating the effectiveness in terms of emission reductions of the already established climate agreements, we investigate to what extent emission reduction obligations from t...

BACKGROUND Despite common recognition of joint responsibility for global health by all countries particularly to ensure justice in global health, current discussions of countries' obligations for global health largely ignore obligations of developing countries. This is especially the case with regards to obligations relating to health financing. Bearing in mind that it is not possible to achiev...

documentary credit or letter of credit (lc) is one of the methods of payment in international commerce. the documentary credit is a binding commitment from the issuing bank to pay a sum of money to the beneficiary on certain conditions. the applicant needs to contract with an issuing bank to open a lc. the legal nature of such contract is a controversy issue and thus different opinions are brou...