Background and Aims: The Panoramic radiography is one of the routine techniques in implant imaging. Although there are some limitations with this technique, panoramic radiography is radiographic choice for basic evaluation for implant treatment. Many studies have been designed to determine magnification in panoramic images but most of them were performed on dry skulls or radiographic phantoms. ...

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the position of impacted maxillary canine in panoramic radiography via two variables of angulation and magnification. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, each panoramic radiography was numbered on which the patient ‘s name was written as well. Two variables, angulation (The angle of impacted maxillary canine was measured in relation to Occlusal pl...

it is definitely necessary to understand the concept and behavior of causation of life insurance policies and its determinants for insurance managers, regulators, and customers. for insurance managers, the profitability and liquidity of insurers can be increasingly influenced by the number of causation through costs, adverse selection, and cash surrender values. therefore, causation is a materi...

In this article, M2 factor of a thin disk laser with unstable resonator in two regimes is calculated numerically. In the first case, thermal effects are ignored and the parameters of beam width, divergence angle, radius of wave front curvature and finally, M2 factor of laser beam are calculated by using generalized beam parameters. These calculations show that the beam quality of the laser is d...